Publications

Please see CV or Google Scholar for the most up-to-date list of publications and projects in-progress. If you need access to any paper or preprint, please email!

(ordered by year)

  1. Sim, M., Brigham, N. G., Kohno, T., Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Caliskan, A., (in press) Biased AI Outputs Can Impact Humans’ Implicit Bias: A Case Study of the Impact of Gender-Biased Text-to-Image Generators. Proceedings of AAAI/ACM Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Society (AAAI/ACM AIES 2025).
  2. +Charlesworth, T. E. S. & +Dorison, C.,(2025) What is rationality, who is it ascribed to, and why does it matter? Evidence from Internet text for 66 social groups and 101 occupations. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976251362120
  3. *Doriscar, J., *Mamakos, M., Perry, S., & Charlesworth, T. E. S. (2025) From Data to Discovery: Unsupervised Machine Learning’s Role in Social Cognition. Social Cognition. 43(3): 194-216. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2025.43.3.194
  4. *Ghate, K., Charlesworth, T. E. S., Diab. M. & Caliskan, A. (2025) Biases Propagate in Encoder-based Vision-Language Models: A Systematic Analysis From Intrinsic Measures to Zero-shot Retrieval Outcomes. Proceedings of the Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025). 18562–18580. https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.955/
  5. Charlesworth, T. E. S., Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2025) The Stigma Stability Framework: An Integrated Theory of How and Why Society Transmits Stigma Across History. Social Psychology and Personality Compass. 19(3).  https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.70051
  6. +Charlesworth, T. E. S., +Kurdi, B., & Mair, P. (2025) International stability and change in explicit and implicit attitudes: An investigation spanning 33 countries, five social groups, and 11 years (2009-2019). Journal of experimental psychology: General, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001746 .
  7. *Mamakos, M., Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Finkel, E. J.(2025) Moralizing partisanship when surrounded by copartisans versus in mixed company. PNAS:Nexus, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf105
  8. Morehouse, K., Charlesworth, T. E. S., Devos, T. & Banaji, M. R. (2025) Who is American? A comprehensive analysis of the American = White/Foreign = Asian stereotype (2007–2023). Scientific Reports. 15 (3368). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83794-6
  9. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2024) The development of social group cognition. In The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition 2nd ed, (eds. Carlston, D., Johnson, K., & Hugenberg, K.). pp 800-823. New York City: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197763414.013.29
  10. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Hatzenbuehler, M. (2024) Mechanisms upholding the persistence of stigma across 100 years of historical text. Scientific Reports. 14 (11069) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61044-z
  11. Charlesworth, T.E.S., Morehouse, K., *Roudhuri, V., & Cunningham, W. (2024) Echoes of Culture: Relationships of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes With Contemporary English, Historical English, and 53 Non-English Languages. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550624125640
  12. Charlesworth, T. E. S., *Ghate, K., Caliskan, A., Banaji, M. R. (2024) Extracting Intersectional Stereotypes from Embeddings: Developing and Validating the FISE Procedure. PNAS Nexus, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae089
  13. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2024) The Development of Social Group Cognition in Infancy and Childhood, in Donald E. Carlston, Kurt Hugenberg, and Kerri L. Johnson (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, Second Edition, 2nd edn, Oxford Library of Psychology (2024; online edn, Oxford Academic, 21 Aug. 2024), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197763414.013.29, 
  14. Kurdi, B., & Charlesworth, T. E. S. (2023) The 3D framework of implicit attitude change: Levels of analysis, sources of change, and timescales. Trends in Cognitive Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2023.05.009.
  15. Charlesworth, T. E. S., *Sanjeev, N., Hatzenbuehler, M. & Banaji, M. R. (in press) Identifying and predicting patterns of stereotype change across 72 groups, four text sources, and historical time (1900-2015). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000354
  16. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2023) Evidence of Covariation Between Regional Implicit Bias and Socially Significant Outcomes in Healthcare, Education, and Law Enforcement. Handbook on Economics of Discrimination and Affirmative Action (eds. Deshpande, A.). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4016-9_7-1.
  17. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2022) Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes IV: Persistence and responsiveness in attitude change from 2017-2020. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976221084257.
  18. Charlesworth, T.E.S., Caliskan, A., & Banaji, M.R., (2022) Historical representations of social groups across 200 years of word embeddings from Google Books. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(28), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121798119
  19. Charlesworth, T. E. S.+, Navon, M.+, *Rabinovich, Y., Lofaro, N., & Kurdi, B. (2022) Project Implicit International: Measuring Implicit and Explicit Social Group Attitudes and Stereotypes Across 34 Countries (2009–2019). Behavior Research Methods.  https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-022-01851-2.
  20. Caliskan, A., Ajay, P. P., Charlesworth, T.E.S., Wolfe R., & Banaji, M. R., (2022) English Corpora Collected from the Internet to Train Natural Language Processing Models are Dominated by Men as Reflected in Distributional Semantics. AAAI/ACM Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Ethics, and Society. 
  21. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2022) Word embeddings reveal social group attitudes and stereotypes in large language corpora. The Handbook of Language Analysis in Psychology (eds. Dehghani, M. & Boyd, R.). New York: Guildford Press. 
  22. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2021) Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Stereotypes III. Long-term change in Gender-Science and Gender-Career stereotypes. Social Psychological and Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620988425
  23. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2021) Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes II. Long-term change and stability, regardless of group membership. American Psychologist, 76(6), 851–869. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000810. 
  24. Charlesworth, T. E. S., *Yang, V., Mann, T. C., Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2021) Gender stereotypes in natural language: Word embeddings show robust consistency across child and adult language corpora of 65+ million words. Psychological Science, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620963619
  25. Storage, D., Charlesworth, T. E. S., Banaji, M. R. & Cimpian, A. (2020) Adults and Children Implicitly Associate Brilliance with Men more than Women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104020
  26. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2020) Can Implicit Bias Change? In Pedulla, D. (Ed.) What Works to Reduce Discrimination? Evidence-based ideas to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace. https://www.umass.edu/employmentequity/what-works  
  27. Charlesworth, T.E.S., & Banaji, M.R. (2019) Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes I. Long-term change from 2007-2016. Psychological Science, 30(2), 174–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618813087
  28. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019).Research: How Americans’ Biases Are Changing (or Not) Over Time. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/08/research-on-many-issues-americans-biases-are-decreasing
  29. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019). Gender in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: Issues, Causes, Solutions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 0475–18. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0475-18.2019
  30. Kurdi, B., Mann, T. C., Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019). The relationship between implicit intergroup attitudes and beliefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(13), 5862–5871. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820240116  
  31. Charlesworth, T. E. S., Hudson, Sa-kiera T. J., Cogsdill, E. J., Spelke, E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019). Children use targets’ facial appearance to guide and predict social behavior. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1400–1413. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000734  
  32. Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019). Face-Trait and Face-Race Cues in Adults’ and Children’s Social Evaluations. Social Cognition, 37(4), 357–388. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2019.37.4.357
  33. Charlesworth, T. E. S., Kurdi, B. & Banaji, M. R. (2019) Children’s Implicit Attitude Acquisition: Evaluative Statements Succeed, Repeated Pairings Fail. Developmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12911

*indicates authorship with supervised student

+indicates co-first authorship; authors contributed equally